World War II Army Sgt. Joe Hayashi, Medal of Honor recipient.
One month ago, on the occasion of National Medal of Honor Day, we recognized eighteen service members of the Jewish faith who have been awarded the nation’s highest military decoration for bravery in combat, recipients going as far back as the Civil War.
What makes such a high honor even more estimable is the fact that several of the Jewish heroes, their survivors, their supporters had to struggle against prejudice, constitutional bias and antisemitism before they were eventually awarded the honor they so richly deserve.
Sadly, such has also been the case with other groups or military service members: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and so on.
This week’s Department of Defense (DoD) News’ highlighted Medal of Honor recipient is one such hero: Army Sgt. Joe Hayashi, a California-born son of Japanese parents who emigrated to the U.S from Japan at the beginning of the century.
Sgt. Hayashi was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for bravery during a World War II battle near Tendola, Italy on 20 and 22 April 1945.
According to Katie Lange at DoD News, “It wasn’t until about a half-century later that a Congressional inquiry revealed that many Nisei service members like Hayashi had been passed up for the nation’s highest honor for valor due to racial bias and ethnic discrimination.”
She contimues: “That wrong was finally remedied on June 21, 2000 — 55 years after Hayashi’s death — when his medal was upgraded to the Medal of Honor and he was promoted to Sergeant.”
On June 21, 2000, President Bill Clinton presented the Medal to Hayashi’s remaining family during a White House ceremony that also honored 21 other Asian-American military heroes whose medals were being upgraded. “Sadly, only seven of the recipients were still alive. Eleven had died in combat, and the rest had passed in the years after the war,” Lange adds.
According to the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, 35 Asian/Pacific Islanders have earned the nation’s highest military honor in wars and battles since 1872, including 24 during World War II, 3 during the Korean War and 5 in the Vietnam War.
Here is Lange with the rest of Army Sgt. Joe Hayashi’s remarkable story:
Hayashi was born Aug. 14, 1920, in Salinas, California. His parents, Chiukichi and Toyo Hayashi, had emigrated from Japan nearly two decades earlier. Hayashi had two sisters, Chiye and Kiyo.
When Hayashi was 4, his father was killed in a work-related accident. His mother then moved the family to Pasadena, California, remarried and had three more children.
Hayashi grew up as a typical American child. He played football and baseball, was a member of the Boy Scouts and loved to play outside. A slight man — Hayashi was recorded as being 5’3″, 125 pounds — he was also adept at car mechanics, which is what he chose to do for work after high school.
In October 1940, Hayashi registered for the draft. Seven months later, he enlisted in the Army. He was initially stationed in California, but after the Pearl Harbor attacks, which led to a deep distrust of Japanese Americans, he was transferred to Fort Sheridan, Illinois. Due to that same distrust, Hayashi’s mother, stepfather and half-siblings were all forced to live at an internment camp in Wyoming until the war’s end.
Hayashi was already in the military, but when the war started, other Japanese Americans — known as Nisei — were barred from service. They still wanted to serve, though, and were eventually able to in a few units, including the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, which was activated in February 1943 and was composed of all Nisei men. Hayashi was reassigned as a drill sergeant in the unit as part of the 3rd Battalion’s Company K.
The 442nd trained at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, before deploying to Italy in June 1944. Hayashi stayed behind with a cadre to continue training soldiers. Soon after, however, he volunteered to join the fight and was shipped to France in November 1944.
In March 1945, the 442nd joined in on the Po Valley Campaign. Their mission was to be a diversion for enemy troops to break them up and weaken their defensive line, known as the Gothic Line. The 442nd ended up being incredibly successful in this endeavor; not only did they force enemy troops from that area, but they pushed them far behind the Gothic Line.
Members of the Army’s 100th Infantry Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team, in northern Italy during World War II. (Photo by Smithsonian Asian Pacific Heritage Center)
By mid-April, nearly all of Germany’s forces in the area were trying to retreat. The 442nd followed them and had moved to within 10 miles of a strategically located rail center, where the Germans were preparing to make a last stand. At this stage of his career, Hayashi held the rank of staff sergeant; however, at some point while overseas, he was demoted to private after apparently defending fellow soldiers who had left their unit during heavy fighting, according to a June 2000 article in the Billings Gazette out of Billings, Montana. That’s why, in his Medal of Honor citation, he’s listed as a private.
On April 20, 1945, Hayashi’s unit was ordered to find enemy machine gun nests along a strongly defended hill near the small village of Tendola, Italy. Hayashi led his men to within 75 yards of enemy positions before they were seen and fired upon.
Hayashi dragged some of his wounded comrades to safety before returning to danger and exposing himself to small-arms fire so he could direct deadly mortar fire onto the hostile positions. With the remaining men in his squad, Hayashi then attacked the hill and took over the enemy position. There, they discovered that the mortars Hayashi helped direct had destroyed three enemy machine guns, killed 27 enemy soldiers and wounded several more.
Meanwhile, the town of Tendola was still being held by about 50 Germans. So, two days later, Hayashi’s unit attacked in a firefight that lasted into the night with house-to-house combat. Hayashi eventually maneuvered his squad up a steep, terraced hill to get within about 100 yards of another enemy machine gun nest. Under intense fire, Hayashi crawled toward it and threw a grenade, which killed one enemy soldier and forced the other members of the gun’s crew to surrender.
From there, Hayashi noticed four more enemy machine gun nests taking aim at members of his platoon. He threw another grenade that destroyed one of them, then crawled to the right flank of a second and killed four enemy soldiers there.
Hayashi tried to follow the remaining members of the crew who were running away. Sadly, he was hit by gunfire and killed.
Hayashi’s courage and leadership were integral to his company’s success. They took control of that enemy position a day later, and within a few days, Germans had begun surrendering en masse since their retreat route was cut off. By May 2 — 10 days after Hayashi died — fighting in Italy ended as German forces formally surrendered.
Lange concludes:
The 442nd went on to become one of the most decorated military units in American history. Because of its success, the draft was reinstated in internment camps back in the U.S. Many of the men who served in the 442nd went on to have distinguished careers in science, higher education and government.
For their heroic actions in combat and steadfast loyalty in the face of ethnic discrimination, members of the 442nd and their families — including Hayashi’s — were also honored in 2011 with the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award for service given out by the U.S.
World War II veterans in the Congressional Gold Medal parade in Waikiki, Hawaii, Dec. 17, 2011 where World War II Japanese American veterans of the 100th Infantry Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team and Military Intelligence Service were honored for their service. (Photo by Air Force Sgt. Michael Holzworth)
Hayashi was initially buried at a U.S. military cemetery in Italy, but his family requested he be brought home in 1948. He was reinterred with full military honors in March 1949 in Evergreen Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.
At the Nishi Hongwanji Temple in L.A., a bronze plaque bears Hayashi’s name, along with the names of 15 other L.A.-area Nisei service members who were killed in the war.
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