By Elizabeth Claire Alberts
The Chinese distant-water fishing fleet is a formidable force. For one thing, it’s the largest in the world, with at least 2,500 vessels — but likely many more. These vessels, many of which are propped up by government subsidies, are present in all of the world’s major oceans and countless coastal areas. The fleet’s sheer size and geographical span means it takes a sizeable volume of marine fish out of the sea: an estimated 4 million metric tons747900_EN.pdf) yearly\.
Experts say the Chinese distant-water fleet also participates in a disproportionate amount of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and exploitative practices such as shark finning and human rights violations. Previous reporting on these issues has usually focused on parts of the world such as the coastal waters of West Africa, or around the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of Latin American countries like Ecuador and Argentina, where the Chinese distant-water fleet has drawn attention and stirred controversy. However, a recent report by the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF), a U.K.-based nonprofit organization, highlights the illegal and unsustainable activities of the Chinese distant-water fleet in the Southwest Indian Ocean, a global hotspot for marine biodiversity and home to commercially important tuna species like yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and bigeye (Thunnus obesus).
Published in April, the EJF report draws primarily from crew testimonials to paint a grim picture of the Chinese distant-water fleet behaving badly in the seas off the coast of East Africa. They describe illegal shark-finning operations, with crew cutting the fins off dozens of sharks every night before throwing the still-living bodies overboard; captains ordering crew to kill dolphins and false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) so they can collect their teeth and jaws; North Korean workers kept on vessels indefinitely, unable to go home even after completing multiyear contracts; and sick crew members forced to work until they collapse and die.
Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in a fishing port in Taiwan. Skipjack is one of the commercially important tuna species found in the Southwest Indian Ocean where Chinese distant-water fleet fish illegally and unsustainably. Image by 總統府 via Wikimedia Commons.jpg) (CC BY 2.0).
The report authors say the Chinese distant-water fleet’s behaviors pose a “serious threat to the sustainability of global fisheries and the wellbeing of fishers, and the millions of people who rely on the ocean for their livelihoods” and also undermine “good governance and the rule of national laws and international regulation in fisheries.” The authors also shine a light on China’s substantial investment in the blue economy in the Southwest Indian Ocean region, including the building of ports and fisheries infrastructure, which they say may make “heavily indebted countries … feel obligated to allow Chinese business ventures to access [marine] resources,” to the detriment of the environment and local communities.
“We’re not prosecuting a particularly partisan campaign against China because we don’t like China,” Steve Trent, founder and CEO of EJF, told Mongabay in an interview. “It’s simply because they are the major culprit, they are the major perpetrator of these crimes.”
Rashid Sumaila, a professor of ocean and fisheries economics at the University of British Columbia, Canada, who wasn’t involved in the EJF report, previously told Mongabay that he believed other countries’ distant-water fleets were likely behaving just as badly as the Chinese fleet, but that the sheer size of the latter made its behavior more noticeable. However, he said the EJF report is shifting his view.
“This new report has provided more evidence of Chinese activities on our ocean, and a lot of this is not looking good, essentially,” Sumaila told Mongabay in an interview. “Those who think like I did before that China is like any other big country fishing all over, this report is beginning to disabuse that.”
Mongabay made numerous attempts to contact several representatives of China’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), the department responsible for fisheries, but did not receive any responses by the time of publication.
However, in a white paper published in 2020, MARA states in Mandarin that it takes a “zero-tolerance” approach to illegal fishing activities by its distant-water fleet and that vessels violating this policy could face fines, the suspension or cancellation of their license, or other “severe punishments.”
Crew members of the Chinese longline vessel ‘Jing Lu Yuan No005’ are seen hurriedly stuffing dried shark fins into bags. Image © Alex Hofford / Greenpeace.
‘It’s been going on now for years’
EJF focused its investigation on Chinese distant-water vessels operating in the national waters of Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles and Tanzania, as well as areas beyond national jurisdiction in the Southwest Indian Ocean. The authors interviewed 44 fishers working on 27 Chinese tuna longliners operating in this part of the ocean, and also used satellite data, public data sets, and media and NGO reports.
Eighty percent of interviewed fishers reported shark finning on their vessels, and 60% reported the deliberate capture and injury of megafauna like whales, dolphins and turtles.
The report also indicated that human rights abuses were rampant on these Chinese vessels, with all the interviewed fishers reporting abusive living and working conditions. For instance, the majority of the crew said they witnessed or experienced intimidation, threats and physical violence. There were even four deaths reported on the vessels, including three crew members and a guard, between 2017 and 2023.
EJF has been probing the Chinese distant-water fleet since 2018, gathering a stack of evidence of IUU fishing activities and labor abuses on many of its vessels. Ian Urbina’s The Outlaw Ocean, a non-profit journalism project, has also underscored labor abuses and unsustainable fishing practices across China’s distant-water fleet through exposés published by major news outlets such as The New Yorker and The New York Times. Mongabay conducted its own investigations of vessels owned and operated by Dalian Ocean Fishing, one of China’s biggest tuna companies, and found evidence of a massive shark-finning operation and widespread humans rights abuses.
“With China, the reason why we’re focusing on it is because everywhere we go, every vessel we look at, every crew member we talk to, and all the filmed evidence we get says there is illegality and abuse on board,” Trent said. “And the Chinese have been pushing quite a robust argument that this isn’t true, it’s not correct, that they’re dealing with it, that they’ve dealt with this and such. And that is just patently not true.”
Four sleeping crew members of the docked Chinese longliner Fu Yuan Yu 052 in 2006. Image © Greenpeace / Alex Hofford.
Trent said he believes these issues are “systemic,” with the Chinese distant-water fleet behaving in similar ways in “every geography and jurisdiction.”
“It’s not an individual rogue operation in a particular place and time — it’s been going on now for years,” Trent said. “And I think … it is almost inconceivable that the Chinese state and the relevant authorities do not know this is going on.”
The report also delves into China’s foreign investment in the Southwest Indian Ocean region as part of its Belt and Road Initiative, which has resulted in the building of roads, public buildings, ports and other fishing infrastructure in countries like Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Tanzania and Mozambique. It says that while these investments are “couched in terms of win-win, sustainable development and collective benefits from the blue economy,” the reality is different.
For instance, when a cyclone damaged a fishing port in Beira, Mozambique, in 2000, China invested $120 million to reconstruct the port, and also helped build a fish-processing factory and ice plant, according to Cliff Mboya, a researcher at the University of Johannesburg. Then, in 2018, Mboya said, it came to light that fishing rights were given to 100 Chinese vessels — a deal that Mozambique’s fisheries minister said he was unaware of. Moreover, Mozambique’s newly built infrastructure isn’t being used to its full capacity, and the country has since been struggling to repay its debts to China.
“It becomes clear that Chinese SOEs [state-owned enterprises] are operating in Africa on purely profit ventures and … it is the same case for Chinese distant fishing fleets,” Mboya said in a webinar organized by EJF on April 25, following the launch of the report. “So they take advantage of the BRI [Belt and Road Initiative] to invest in massive infrastructure projects in the continent with state support [and] these deals are unbalanced. They are unfair, and then because of the weak marine governance, there’s always also an element of corruption.”
A local fishing community in Mozambique in 2010. Image by Talea Miller, PBS NewsHour via Flickr (CC BY-NC 2.0).
Is it just the Chinese fleet?
Philip Chou, senior director of global policy at Oceana, a Washington, D.C.-based ocean conservation NGO, who wasn’t involved in the research or writing of the report, but did provide comments to EJF before its publication, praised the report for its thorough investigation.
“I think it’s great that EJF looked into what’s going on in China’s fleet and I think there was good reason to do so,” Chou told Mongabay in an interview.
“But I think there are other activities from other distant-water fishing countries that should be looked into as well,” he added. “And then you could get a better sense of what China’s role is in that ocean compared to those other countries.”
For instance, Chou referenced a new report from the Blue Marine Foundation, a U.K. ocean conservation organization, that found that French- and Spanish-flagged tuna vessels are going “dark” by turning off their tracking devices while fishing in the Indian Ocean, despite it being illegal to do so. While there can be valid reasons for AIS to stop working temporarily, vessels that routinely turn off their AIS are often trying to avoid detection while partaking in IUU fishing activities.
In 2021, Mongabay’s own investigation found that EU-controlled vessels, which were often flagged to smaller coastal states like the Seychelles, captured the “lion’s share” of the Indian Ocean’s yellowfin tuna stock, contributing to the near-collapse of the species.
A French purse seiner vessel sets its net on skipjack and yellowfin tuna associated with a fish aggregating device (FAD) in the Mozambique Channel in 2013. Image © Jiri Rezac / Greenpeace.
‘It is a big win’
Trent of EJF said he believes the keys to positive change are increased transparency, stronger regulation, and enforcement. These are some of the tenets of the Coalition for Fisheries Transparency, a global network of civil society organizations of which EJF and Oceana are members.
The report also recommends greater scrutiny and regulatory measures for states and entities connected with the Chinese distant-water fleet, including states that act as local flags for Chinese vessels; states in whose waters Chinese vessels operate; ports used by Chinese vessels; market states supplied by the Chinese distant-water fleet; and even the Chinese government itself.
The report also makes specific recommendations for the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), the intergovernmental organization that regulates and manages tuna stocks in the Indian Ocean, such as increasing observer coverage on longliners to deter IUU fishing, banning transshipments — the transfer of catch between vessels at sea — that enable overfishing, and enacting measures to protect sharks and other aquatic animals.
However, at the recent meeting of the IOTC that took place in Thailand from May 13-17, little progress was made toward these goals. Delegates also failed to reach an agreement to limit the catches of yellowfin tuna, which has been overfished for years, due in part to China’s distant-water fleet.
But there was one positive move at the IOTC, according to Trent, who didn’t attend the meeting but followed the proceedings remotely. He said China introduced a proposal that would have made it difficult for third parties, including environmental groups, to submit any evidence of “vessels’ noncompliance” to rules and regulations. But parties struck down China’s proposal, and instead adopted another that directed those who wanted to provide evidence of noncompliance to attend the meeting of the Compliance Committee, a group that discusses the implementation of the existing rules and obligations by IOTC members.
“It is a big win,” Trent said, “that this crucial work evidencing illegal fishing has not been blocked.”
Banner image: An artisanal fishing boat on a Mozambique beach. Image by Tom Leighton via Flickr (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0).
Elizabeth Claire Alberts is a senior staff writer for Mongabay’s Ocean Desk. Follow her on Twitter @ECAlberts.
‘There are solutions to these abuses’: Q&A with Steve Trent on how China can rein in illegal fishing
This article was originally published on Mongabay
