A recent study published in the Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma explores the complex relationships between adolescent maltreatment, parent-child attachment, and dating violence and risky sexual behavior. The findings indicate that early maltreatment significantly predicts later dating violence.
Adolescence is an important developmental period marked by significant changes in the brain, body, emotions, and social relationships. During this time, teens begin to explore romantic relationships, which can greatly influence their emotional well-being and future relationship patterns.
High-quality adolescent romantic relationships are linked to positive self-concept, better social support, and healthier adult romantic relationships. However, adolescents who have experienced maltreatment are more likely to enter violent or unhealthy relationships, engage in risky sexual behaviors, and face mental and physical health challenges.
The study followed 179 adolescents aged 12 to 18, predominantly recruited from a youth forensic center or a provincial mental health facility in British Columbia. Participants were mostly white (66%) or Indigenous (23%). Those with intellectual disabilities or severe psychiatric conditions were excluded. Researchers collected data at two points: initially when the participants were around 15 years old and then again five years later when they were around 20 years old.
At the first time point, participants completed questionnaires assessing their experiences of maltreatment (physical abuse, psychological abuse, and witnessing interparental violence) and their attachment to their parents. Maltreatment was measured using the Family Background Questionnaire, while parent-child attachment was assessed with the Adolescent Attachment Anxiety and Avoidance Inventory.
Five years later, participants reported on their involvement in dating violence (using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale) and risky sexual behaviors (through a phone interview adapted from national health studies). Dating violence measures included instances of physical, psychological, and sexual violence perpetration and victimization. Risky sexual behavior was assessed by examining behaviors like age of sexual onset, contraceptive use, condom use with casual partners, and experiences of sexual solicitation.
The researchers found that 89% of adolescents reported psychological maltreatment, 66% reported physical maltreatment, and 44% witnessed interparental violence. Adolescents who experienced maltreatment were more likely to perpetrate and be victimized by dating violence five years later. This aligns with existing research that suggests early experiences of abuse can set a pattern for future violent relationships.
In terms of parent-child attachment, the study discovered that higher levels of attachment anxiety were linked to greater perpetration of physical dating violence. Attachment anxiety is characterized by a constant need for reassurance and fear of abandonment, which can manifest in aggressive behaviors to maintain closeness and control within relationships.
“These findings add to existing cross-sectional research with community and low-risk samples by demonstrating that maltreatment and attachment anxiety with parents in early adolescence significantly predicts [dating violence] reported five years later among high-risk teens, a population in which maltreatment and strained parent-child relationships are particularly prevalent,” the researchers wrote.
Interestingly, the study also found that attachment avoidance, which involves a tendency to distance oneself from emotional closeness with parents, was associated with lower engagement in risky sexual behaviors. This finding suggests that adolescents who are uncomfortable with intimacy may be more cautious in their sexual relationships, potentially avoiding situations that could lead to risky behaviors. This counterintuitive result points to the complex ways in which different forms of attachment insecurity can influence adolescent behavior.
But as with any study, there are some caveats to consider. The study focused on a high-risk sample, limiting its generalizability to the broader adolescent population. Future research should include diverse samples to better understand these dynamics across different groups.
“More research is needed to identify key risk factors that can be targeted in clinical intervention and prevention programs that aim to promote healthy relationships and conflict management strategies and increase adolescents’ awareness of safe sex practices,” the researchers added. “Future research that considers gender and sexual diversities and how risk and protective factors and teens’ relationship behaviours are conceptualized and measured holds significant promise to strengthen our understanding of these experiences and in turn, mitigate adolescent risk.”
The study, “Maltreatment and Parent-Child Attachment as Predictors of Dating Violence and Risky Sexual Behaviour Among High-Risk Teens,” was authored by Cassia L. McIntyre, Natalie Goulter, and Marlene M. Moretti.
